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护理生命科学类Essay中常见的十项文法错误

以生命科学为背景的作者经常犯的英文语法错误多种多样。由于英文并非他们的母语,这些作者经常犯错误,所以他们与英文的接触比较有限。写作是一项艰巨的任务,而语言问题往往会成为写作的障碍。对于研究者来说,写作和发布消息是非常重要的,但是 essay稿件中的语言和语法上的错误可能会导致科学期刊的退稿。根据我们的经验,在这里列出了十种生命科学 essay中常见的语法错误。下面我们将用例子来说明这些错误。

第一项:冠词

英语中的冠词有三种(a, an, the)。三个冠词可分为两类:不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)。确定正确的冠词通常很复杂。冠词和不定冠词在先区分出后,也应根据词尾的读音,而不是拼法,选出最合适的不定冠词。在列出一串单词或名词片语时,作者经常犯的一个错误是定冠词(the)在每一个单词前面重复。当需要定冠词的一长串名词片语时,只要在第一个单词前加定冠词,后面的单词就不会再加冠词。澳洲代写需要了解一下吗?

范例:

错误的用法:We focus on the parameters of the representative frequency,the composition of sounds and the sequence complexity.

正确的用法:We focus on the parameters of the representative frequency,sound composition,and sequence complexity.

错误的用法:No effects were observed on the cell growth,the cell proliferation,the cell cycle distribution,and the gene expression.

正确的用法:No effects were observed on the cell growth,cell proliferation,cell cycle distribution,and gene expression.

第二项:使用连字号

在书写时,连字号有多种作用。没有什么地方可以用到它,例如:包含数字或单位的修饰语(例如,5- g dose)、拼写完全的分数(例如,two-third part of this area)、包含现在或过去分词的复合修饰语(例如seizure-inducing drugs),也可以用来避免字母重复所造成的视觉混乱。但是,由于不需要使用连字号,往往会导致错误的产生。列出部分错误如下:当拉丁文片语作为形容词时(如 in vitro test和 post hoc hypothesis),就不应使用连字号。

范例:

错误的用法:A cloned gene makes it possible to synthesize the encoded protein by in-vitro transcription and translation.

正确的用法:A cloned gene makes it possible to synthesize the encoded protein by in vitro transcription and translation.

科学术语,如做为修饰语的字母,连字号只使用在当术语做为形容词片语时。

范例:

错误的用法:The majority of T-cells bear the T-cell receptor(TCR)which recognizes foreign antigen peptides.

正确的用法:The majority of T cells bear the T-cell receptor(TCR)which recognizes foreign antigen peptides.

第三项:时态

时态在语法上用来表示时间,通常用动词的特定形式。谓词时要保持一致。时序不一致是一个常见的错误。

范例:

错误的用法:The burst pulses were separated when the density of peaks is higher than 0.4.

正确的用法:The burst pulses were separated when the density of peaks was higher than 0.4.

错误的用法:We mapped the 3-kb transcript of the locus and had determined that it contains four exons and two introns.

正确的用法:We mapped the3-kb transcript of the locus and determined that it contains four exons and two introns.

第四项:平行结构

并联结构是指两个或多个概念用同一词型来表示同样重要。这个结构可以用在单字,片语,或者从句中组成,通常是连接词“and”或“or”。它是研究人员常见的一种错误。并列结构中,名词要搭配名词、介系词片配介系词片语、分词配分词、不定词配不定词、以及子句配子句。

范例:

错误的用法:The sbcC gene was cloned,mapped,and sequencing was performed.

正确的用法:The sbcC gene was mapped,cloned,and sequenced.

错误的用法:We investigated the effects of the drug on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution and gene expression was profiled.

正确的用法:We investigated the effects of the drug on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution and performed gene expression profiling.

第五项:主词动词不一致

英语的动词应该总是和主词保持一致。另一个研究者常犯的错误是主词动词不一致。当主词是单数时,动词也要有单数形式;主词是复数,动词也要有复数。

范例:

错误的用法:The foraging probability of fishes can be elevated when the deep scattering layer rise to the surface water.

正确的用法:The foraging probability of fishes can be elevated when the deep scattering layer rises to the surface water.

The verb(rises)should agree with the subject(singular:the deep scattering layer).

错误的用法:Three groups were separated when the resources in the same group is from the same origin.

正确的用法:Three groups were separated when the resources in the same group were from the same origin.

第六项:负向转移

相反的意思是在同一个句子里用两个否定词来表示对比。举例来说,作者常常用 although… but来配对。因为这两个词的意思相同,所以不能在句中同时出现,否则就会形成赘字。

范例:

错误的用法:Although VDAC1 is ubiquitinated following mitochondrial depolarization,but VDAC2 is not ubiquitinated.

正确的用法:Although VDAC1 is ubiquitinated following mitochondrial depolarization,VDAC2 is not.

错误的用法:Because human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse,so the sexual behaviors of some individuals have placed them at high risk for infection.

正确的用法:Because human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse,the sexual behaviors of some individuals have placed them at high risk for infection.

第七项:撇号

撇号是标点。它还可以用在一些拉丁或其它字母的语言中作为变音符号。其英文功能主要有三种:标记省略一个或多个字母、标记所有格、标记事物的复数形式。

许多人会将无生命的受词套用所有格,应该避免这种用法。

范例:

错误的用法:The coordinated gene’s expression networks in numerous physiological,developmental,and metabolic processes.

正确的用法:The coordinated expression of gene networks in numerous physiological,developmental,and metabolic processes.

医学人名名词后的所有格应该一律删除。

范例:

错误的用法:Klinefilter’s syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility.

正确的用法:Klinefilter syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility

第八项:介系词

介系词表示名词或代名词,与句子中其它字或部分的关系。英文 preposition (preposition,置于前面)源自于它通常位于名词或代名词之前。不恰当的使用通常会导致句意的改变。

范例:

错误的用法:The consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk4 is different than that for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk2.

正确的用法:The consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin Cdk2.

错误的用法:The histological changes into lung biopsies induced after 30 weeks of therapy.

正确的用法:The histological changes in lung biopsies induced after 30 weeks of therapy

第九项:逗号连句

逗号的作用是连结句中的意思。不过,一般人认为逗号是用在需要停顿的地方。这样做并不完全错误,但是可能错加了一些逗号,从而造成混乱。

在两个完整想法(完整句或子句)之间误加逗号就会产生逗号连句,而逗号连句将产生「连写句run-on sentence」。

范例:

错误的用法:They are the top predators of the marine ecosystem,using a wide range of habitat to obtain sufficient food resources.

正确的用法:They are the top predators of the marine ecosystem that use a wide range of habitat to obtain sufficient food resources.

错误的用法:The long-duration recording facilitates the examination,of the occurrence patterns of fishes.

正确的用法:The long-duration recording facilitates the examination of the occurrence patterns of fishes.

第十项:名词复数化

名词复数化也是一个很常见的文法错误。在名词后面加上「s」或「es」即可将名词变成复数。第一种错误是多此一举,将「当形容词用的名词」变成复数。

范例:

错误的用法:Nine-weeks-old albino normal(non-cancerous)mice belong to the strain Mus musculus.

正确的用法:Nine-week-old albino normal(non-cancerous)mice belong to the strain Mus musculus.

一般而言,即便当形容词用的名词修饰复数名词,它本身并不需加复数(但有部分例外)。

第二种错误是复数化某些常见的不可数名词,而这些名词并没有复数形(例如research和evidence)。

范例:

错误的用法:Examination of lacY and lacZ expressions in homozygotes to reveal their functions.

正确的用法:Examination of lacY and lacZ expression in homozygotes to reveal their functions.

“表达 expression”在科学写作中,尤其是指称基因或蛋白质表达时,可以用来表示单数或复数。要强调这个词是复数形式,可以使用“表达级别 expression levels”或其它类似的片语。在其他非技术领域,表达是一个可数名词。

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